Description
SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Peptide — Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) specifically designed to concentrate at the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it interacts with cardiolipin to stabilize electron transport chain function and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. SS-31 peptide is one of the most studied mitochondrial-targeted compounds in preclinical research, with applications spanning cardiology, ophthalmology, nephrology, and aging biology.
Mechanism of Action
SS-31 peptide’s alternating aromatic-cationic motif enables rapid, energy-independent uptake across cell membranes and selective accumulation in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Once localized, it binds cardiolipin — a phospholipid essential for cytochrome c anchoring and cristae structure. By stabilizing cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions, SS-31 optimizes electron flow through complexes III and IV, reducing electron leak and superoxide generation at the primary site of mitochondrial ROS production.
Key Research Applications
- Mitochondrial bioenergetics and electron transport chain studies
- Cardiolipin stabilization and cristae-structure research
- Oxidative-stress reduction in aging and disease models
- Cardiac, renal, and retinal mitochondrial dysfunction
Related Research Compounds
MOTS-C approaches mitochondrial research through AMPK-mediated metabolic signaling. NAD+ supports mitochondrial function as a critical electron carrier. SLU-PP-332 targets ERRα-driven mitochondrial biogenesis for exercise-mimetic studies.
Product Specifications
Each 10 mg vial contains SS-31 peptide manufactured in the USA under ISO-certified conditions. Verified to ≥99% purity by HPLC analysis, screened for endotoxin levels below 0.1 EU/mg. Certificate of Analysis (COA) available upon request. For laboratory research use only.
Storage & Handling
Lyophilized SS-31 peptide should be stored at -20°C in a sealed, light-protected container to preserve long-term stability. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water and store the resulting solution at 2–8°C, using all reconstituted material within 28 days. Prepare single-use aliquots at the time of reconstitution to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, which may compromise peptide integrity. All handling should follow standard aseptic laboratory procedures. This product is for laboratory research use only and is not intended for human consumption.
Research Background & Literature
SS-31 was originally designed in the early 2000s by Dr. Hazel Szeto and Dr. Peter Bhatt at Weill Cornell Medical College as part of the Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptide series targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. The compound, later named Elamipretide by Stealth BioTherapeutics, has been the subject of over 200 peer-reviewed publications spanning journals including The Journal of Biological Chemistry, PNAS, and Circulation. Research institutions such as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the University of Washington have contributed extensively to characterizing its cardiolipin-binding mechanism. SS-31 is considered one of the most well-validated mitochondrial-targeting peptides in the preclinical research literature and continues to serve as a reference compound in bioenergetics and aging studies.
Frequently Asked Questions
What purity and quality testing does AgeFix SS-31 undergo?
AgeFix SS-31 (Elamipretide) is verified to ≥99% purity by HPLC analysis and screened for endotoxin levels below 0.1 EU/mg. Each 10 mg vial is manufactured in the USA under ISO-certified conditions, with a Certificate of Analysis (COA) available upon request for research documentation.
What makes SS-31 unique among mitochondrial-targeting compounds?
SS-31’s alternating aromatic-cationic structure enables it to selectively accumulate at the inner mitochondrial membrane and bind cardiolipin directly, stabilizing electron transport chain function at the source of ROS production. Unlike general antioxidants that scavenge free radicals after they form, SS-31 reduces oxidative stress at its point of origin in research models.
How should SS-31 be stored and handled for laboratory research?
Lyophilized SS-31 should be stored at -20°C and protected from light. Once reconstituted with bacteriostatic water, store at 2–8°C and use within 28 days. This product is for laboratory research use only and is not intended for human use.




